IBM-ACS: Reminiscences and lessons learned from a 1960’s supercomputer project
By Lynn Conway
Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Emerita
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
[Version of 5-28-11]
Online table of references, with links:
[CAL58] S. H. Caldwell, Switching Circuits and Logical Design, John Wiley & Sons, 1958; See especially: Chapter 7: Symmetric Functions, p. 236-274; Chapter 8: Synthesis of non-series-parallel contact networks, pp. 274-318.
http://www.amazon.com/Switching-Circuits-Logical-Design-Caldwell/dp/0471129690
[LEE62] D. N. Leeson and D. L. Dimitry, Basic Programming Concepts and the IBM 1620 Computer, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962.
http://www.amazon.com/Basic-Programming-Concepts-1620-Computer/dp/B0000CLM0L
[WIL63] M. V. Wilkes, "An Experiment with a self-compiling compiler for a simple list-processing language", Tech. Memorandum No.63/1, University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge University, Feb. 1963.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/CSE/M.V.Wilkes/M.V.Wilkes-Tech.Memo.63.1.pdf
[WIL63-2] M. V. Wilkes, "An Experiment with a self-compiling compiler for a simple list-processing language (PART-2)", Tech. Memorandum No.63/1, University Mathematical Laboratory, Cambridge University, Aug. 1963.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/CSE/M.V.Wilkes/M.V.Wilkes-Tech.Memo.63.5.pdf
[CON66] L. Conway, B. Randell, D. Rozenberg, D. Senzig, "Dynamic Instruction Scheduling", IBM-ACS, February 23, 1966.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/DIS/DIS.pdf
[ROZ66] D. Rozenberg, L. Conway, R. Riekert, "ACS Simulation Technique", IBM-ACS, Mar. 15, 1966.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/SimTech/SimTech.pdf
[GAR67] H. Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., June 1967.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomethodology
http://www.amazon.com/Studies-Ethnomethodology-Social-political-theory/dp/0745600050
[CON67-1]L. Conway, “MPM Timing Simulation”, ACS AP #67-115, August 25, 1967.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/MPMSim/MPMSim.pdf
[CON67-1.1] L. Conway, “Timing Simulator Source Code Listings”, August 1967.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/Archive/ACS211-327.pdf
[CON67-1.2] L. Conway, “MPM Architecture and Simulator Notebook”, August 1967.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/Archive/ACS93-210.pdf
[CON67-2]L. Conway, "A Proposed ACS Logic Simulation System", IBM-ACS, October 31, 1967.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/LSS/LSS.pdf
[CON67-3] L. Conway, "ACS Logic Design Conventions: A Guide for the Novice", November 29, 1967.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/LogDes/LogDes.pdf
[IBM68] ACS-1 MPM Instruction Manual, Advanced Computing Systems, January 8, 1968.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/Archive/Instructions/ACS-1%20Instruction%20Manual.pdf
http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs_inst_set.html
[CON68] L. Conway, "The Computer Design Process: A Proposed Plan for ACS", IBM-ACS, August 6, 1968.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/DesProc/DesignProcess.pdf
[SCH71] H. Schorr, “Design Principles for a High-Performance System,” Proceedings of the Symposium on Computers and Automata, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, April 13-15, 1971, pp. 165-192.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/People/Herb_Schorr/Schorr1971_ACS_Reflections.pdf
[HAS73] L. Hasbrouck, W. Madden, R. Rew, E. Sussenguth, and J. Wierzbicki, “Instruction execution unit,” U.S. Patent 3,718,912, February 1973.
http://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece512/Papers/Hasbrouck.1973.Patent.pdf
[BRO75] F. P. Brooks, Jr., The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering, Addison-Wesley, 1975.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mythical_Man-Month
http://www.amazon.com/Mythical-Man-Month-Software-Engineering-Anniversary/dp/0201835959
[CON79] L. Conway, The M.I.T.'78 VLSI System Design Course: A Guidebook for the Instructor of VLSI System Design, Xerox PARC, Aug. 12, 1979.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/InstGuide/InstGuide.html
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/InstGuide/InstGuide.pdf
[MEA80] C. Mead and L. Conway, Introductions to VLSI Systems, Addison-Wesley, 1980.
http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Vlsi-Systems-Carver-Mead/dp/0201043580
[CON80] L. Conway, A. Bell and M.E. Newell, “MPC79: The Large-Scale Demonstration of a New Way to Create Systems in Silicon”, Lambda, Second Quarter 1980.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPC79/MPC79Report.pdf
[CON81] L. Conway, “The MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and
Implementation Methodologies”, Xerox PARC Tech. Report VLSI-81-2, Jan. 1981. Also in Microprocessing and Microprogramming, 10 (1982), pp. 209-228.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv.pdf
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv-MM-TEJ.pdf
[ALL81] F. Allen, “The history of language processor technology in IBM,” IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 25, Issue 5, September 1981, pp. 535-548.
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1664867
[MAR81] M. Marshall, L. Waller and H. Wolff, “The 1981 Achievement Award: For optimal VLSI design efforts, Mead and Conway have fused device fabrication and system-level architecture,” Electronics, Oct.20, 1981.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/Electronics/ElectrAchievAwd.pdf
[DEL86] R. T DeLamarter, Big Blue: IBM's Use and Abuse of Power, Dodd, Mead and Co., 1986.
http://www.amazon.com/Big-Blue-IBMs-Abuse-Power/dp/0396085156
[COC88] J. Cocke, “The Search for Performance in Scientific Processors,” Turing Award Lecture, CACM, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 250-253, March 1988.
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=42394
[WAT90] T. J. Watson, Jr., Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond, Bantam [paperback], 1990, pp. 282-283; 315-316.
http://www.amazon.com/Father-Son-Co-Life-Beyond/dp/0553380834
[CAR93] P. Carroll, Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM, Crown Publishers, Inc., 1993.
http://www.amazon.com/Big-Blues-Unmaking-Paul-Carroll/dp/0517882213
[SMI95] J. E. Smith and G. S. Sohi, “The Microarchitecture of Superscalar Processors.,” Proceedings of the IEEE Vol. 83, No. 12, December 1995, pp.1609 - 1624.
http://www.cs.ucf.edu/courses/cda5106/summer02/papers/superscalar95.pdf
[HEN96] J. L. Hennessy and D. A. Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 2nd Ed., Morgan-Kaufman, 1996, Figure 4.60: Recent high-performance processors and their characteristics, p.359.
http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Quantitative-Approach-Second/dp/1558603298
[HEN07] J. L. Hennessy and D. A. Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 4nd Ed., Morgan-Kaufman, 2007; Chapter Two: Instruction-Level Parallelism and Its Exploitation, pp. 64-151.
http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Architecture-Quantitative-Approach-4th/dp/0123704901
[NRC99] Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council, Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press, 1999; Chapter 4, pp. 113-122.
http://books.nap.edu/html/far/
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/FundingaRevolution.html
[CON00] L. Conway, “IBM License to Make and Distribute Copies of Lynn Conway's ACS Archive”, lynnconway.com, August 23, 2000.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/IBM/IBM-License.html
[HIL00] M. A. Hiltzik, “Through the Gender Labyrinth: How a bright boy with a penchant for tinkering grew up to be one of the top women in her high-tech field”, Los Angeles Times Magazine, Cover story, Nov. 19, 2000.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf
[RAN05] B. Randell, “Reminiscences of Project Y and the ACS Project”, Technical Report Series CS-TR-891, School of Computing Science,University of Newcastle upon Tyne, February 2005.
http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/publications/trs/papers/891.pdf
[IEEE10] IEEE Computer Society, “Lynn Conway, 2009 Computer Pioneer Award Recipient,” January, 2010.
http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4Txvjia3p0
[CHM10] Computer History Museum, Event: “IBM ACS System: A Pioneering Supercomputer Project of the 1960's”, February 18, 2010.
http://www.computerhistory.org/events/index.php?id=1264112339
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pod53_F6urQ
[EVA10] B. O. Evans, “The Ill Fated ACS Project”: pages 27-28 in Evans’ memoir The Genesis of the Mainframe, Wilhelm G. Spruth, ed., University of Leipzig, Department of computer science, June 2010.
http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/cs/Literature/History/boevans.pdf
[SMO10] M. Smotherman and D. Spicer, “Historical Reflections: IBM’s Single-Processor Supercomputer Efforts – Insights on the pioneering IBM Stretch and ACS projects”, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 53, No. 12, Dec. 2010, pp.28-30.
http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2010/12/102128-ibms-single-processor-supercomputer-efforts/fulltext
[ACO86] R. D. Acosta, J. Kjelstrup and H. C. Torng, “An Instuction Issuing Approach to Enhancing Performance in Multiple Functional Unit Processors”, IEEE Transactions of Computers, Vol. C-35, No. 9, September 1986, pp. 815-828.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/DIS/Torng/Torng_1986_paper.pdf
http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Dec97/Torng.bs.html
[USDC07] U.S. District Court for the Northern District of New York, Cornell University v Hewlett-Packard, Case 5:01-cv-01974-NAM-DEP, Summary Judgment, Jan. 31, 2007.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/DIS/Torng/Cornell_v_HP_Summary_Judgment.1-31-07.pdf
[STE08] B. Steele, “Cornell wins $184 million award from Hewlett-Packard for patent infringement”, Cornell Chronicle, June 6, 2008.
http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/June08/HPpatent.ws.html
[DIC02] L. DiCarlo, “How Lou Gerstner Got IBM To Dance”, Forbes Magazine, November 11, 2002.
http://www.forbes.com/2002/11/11/cx_ld_1112gerstner.html
[ELL03] D. Ellenberg, “Book review -- Who Says Elephants Can't Dance?,”IBM developerWorks, May 15, 2003.
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/2071.html
[ZUR68] F.W. Zurcher and B. Randell. “Iterative Multi-Level modelling: A methodology for computer system design,” Proc. IFIP Congress 68, Edinburgh, 1968, pp. D138-D142.
http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/NATO/nato1968.PDF
[WIR71] N. Wirth, “Program development by stepwise refinement”, CACM, Vol. 14, No. 4, April 1971, pp. 221-227.
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=362577
[DIJ68] E. W. Dijkstra, “GOTO statement considered harmful”, CACM, Vol. 11, No. 3, May 1966, pp. 366-371.
http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd02xx/EWD215.PDF
[DAL72] O. J. Dahl, E. W. Dijkstra and C. A. R. Hoare, Structured Programming, Academic Press, 1972.
http://www.amazon.com/Structured-Programming-P-I-C-Studies-Processing/dp/0122005503
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_programming
[AGE87] T. Agerwala and J. Cocke, “High Performance Reduced Instruction Set Processors," IBM Watson Research Center, RC 12434, 1987.
[SHR99] B. Shriver and P. Capek, “Just Curious: An Interview with John Cocke,” Computer Magazine, Vol. 32, No.11, November 1999, pp. 34-41.
http://www.landley.net/history/mirror/ibm/Cocke.htm
http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/abs/mags/co/1999/11/ry034abs.htm
[JOH90] M. Johnson, Superscalar Microprocessor Design, Prentice-Hall, 1990.
http://www.amazon.com/Superscalar-Microprocessors-Design-Mike-Johnson/dp/0138756341
[SMO11] M. Smotherman: File of DIS patent disclosures and correspondence, personal electronic communications, April-May, 2011.
[ASP00] W. Aspray, Interviewer, Gene Amdahl Oral History, CHM Reference number: X5988.2011, Computer History Museum, September 24, 2000, p.26.
http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/Oral_History/102702492.05.01.acc.pdf
[THO67] J. E. Thornton and S. R. Cray, “Simultaneous Multiprocessing Computer System”, U. S. Patent 3,346,851, October 10, 1967.
http://www.google.com/patents?id=3c5vAAAAEBAJ
[MOSIS] MOSIS, “The MOSIS Service – More than 50,000 designs in over 25 years of operation”, mosis.com
[SMO-STR] M. Smotherman, “IBM Stretch (7030) -- Aggressive Uniprocessor Parallelism”, historical reconstruction website, Clemson University.
http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/stretch.html
[SMO-ACS] M. Smotherman, “IBM Advanced Computing Systems (ACS) -- 1961 – 1969”, historical reconstruction website, Clemson University.
http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs.html
[CON-ACS] L. Conway, Ed., “IBM-ACS Archive”, lynnconway.com.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/ACS/Archive/ACSarchive.html
[CON-VLSI] L. Conway, Ed., “The VLSI Archive: An online archive of documents and artifacts from the Mead-Conway VLSI design revolution”, lynnconway.com.
http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/VLSIarchive.html
[CON-web] L. Conway, Lynn Conway homepage, lynnconway.com.