Belgian psychologists pronounce transsexualism to be caused either by "Castration Anxiety" or by the "Snow White Syndrome"
See paper below by A. Michel, C. Mormont,
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Liege, Belgium, 2002.
Introductory notes by Lynn Conway:
In the article entitled "Was Snow White a transsexual?" (in French), Michel and Mormont claim to "prove" via Rorschach Ink Blot tests that many transsexuals exhibit what is called the "Snow White Syndrome" (i.e., "the propensity to escape into passive fantasies"). They distinguish this group of transsexuals (about 1/3 of their subjects) from the majority of trans women, the rest of whom they pronounce are obviously transsexual because of "castration anxiety".
Regarding those diagnosed with the Snow White syndrome, Michel and Mormont say:
"These transsexuals appear to shy away from the difficulties of life by seeking refuge into a world of fantasy, which they fill with the representations borrowed from reality (rather than fantasy) and consequently that are liable to be transposed, if necessary, back into reality."
However, these psychologists are clearly resorting to speculative mental imagery themselves (i.e., fantasies in their own minds) about what they think is going on in the minds of trans women.
But why don't these scientists recognize that these are simply fantasies in their own heads?
They clearly do not recognize this, otherwise they wouldn't be so confident when projecting those fantasies onto the trans women.
Could it be that seeing trans women triggers profound and fearful fantasies of all sorts in such scientists minds? After all, their main theory of causation is "castration anxiety", which seems profoundly real to them.
Confronted by (what is to them) a fearfully mysterious and possibly dangerous phenomenon, are they driven to seek refuge in fantasy explanations - which they then project onto the trans women - being unable to explain the mystery in any other way?
Anthropologists routinely observe that this is a very common way for primitive minds to cope with things they do not understand. Fantasy explanations provide a means for calming fears and reducing stress, when confronting the mysterious and unexplainable.
Perhaps that is what is going on here.
Encephale. 2002 Jan-Feb;28(1):59-64.
Was Snow White a
transsexual?
[Article in French]
Michel A, Mormont C.
Universite de Liege, Service de Psychologie clinique, boulevard du Rectorat, B
33, 4000 Liege, Belgique.
The Rorschach Ink Blot test is considered to be an essential analytical
instrument when studying the personalities of individuals presenting identity
disorders, in particular, in the context of a sex change request. Nevertheless,
there exist less than 20 studies of transsexualism utilising the Rorschach since
the creation of this diagnostic category in 1953. This research has mostly
concerned itself with relations between psychopathology and transsexualism.
Practically non-existent are studies investigating the psychological conditions
that permit, shape or induce sex change requests in individuals. Transsexuals
request the removal of their genitals through mutilation surgery, which can be
seen as subjects literally crying out to be castrated. This request is all the
more surprising given that castration, in psychoanalytic terms, is considered to
be the most severe punishment that an individual (woman or man) can be
threatened with. Therefore, we asked ourselves which psychic conditions could
motivate such as request. Based on any earlier study where answers (some
explicit, others symbolic) given by sex-change applicants tested on the
Rorschach were analysed, results seemed to suggest a counter-phobic attitude
underlying sex-reassignment requests (28). According to these hypotheses, the
fear of castration (banal as such) can only be overcome through the active
search for castration itself. In opting for castration, the transsexual puts an
end to the states of anxious waiting that are dominated by feelings of the
incertitude and unpredictability of an eventual castration. Once obtained, the
threat it constituted disappears, and with it so does the fear. Thus, by taking
this active and voluntary step, the subject is no longer exposed to an imminent
danger in a passive manner. This in itself creates a great feeling of relief, if
not of actual pleasure in the subject (28). In this article, we postulated in a
purely speculative manner, the existence of one or several modalities in the
transsexual dynamics. Nevertheless, one can ask oneself about the possibility of
a request based on a desire rather than on a defense, or even on the existence
of a defensive process diametrically opposed to the counter-phobic attitude and
which, instead of actively provoking the dreaded reality, would privilege its
avoidance and the search of passivity. This latter hypothesis has the advantage
of being rather easy to explore with the Rorschach because, according to Exner,
the predominance of passive compared to active human movement responses (which
he terms the Snow White Syndrome) indicates the propensity to escape into
passive fantasies and the tendency to avoid the initiative for behaviour or
decision-making, if other people can do it in the subject's place (12). Our
results largely confirmed the hypothesis of the existence of an opposite
mechanism, as a third of subjects (n = 26) presented Snow White Syndrome.
According to Exner, these transsexuals are typically characterized by hiding
into a world of make believe, avoiding all responsibility, as well as any
decision-making. This passivity in our Snow White Syndrome group was all the
more remarkable in that, on the whole, it infiltrated into all the movement
responses and seemed to define a rigid style of thinking and mental elaboration,
in addition to a suggestive content of passivity. However, this condition cannot
be associated with a general lack of dynamism or energy. In fact, the treatment
of information, which provides data concerning the motivation to treat a
stimulus field of the stimulus--whether this concerns the capture (L) of the
stimulus or the elaboration (DQ+) of the response--displayed a sufficient amount
of motivation. Furthermore, internal resources (EA) were considerable and were
brought into play whenever it was necessary to adopt a behaviour or make a
decision. Furthermore, based on these Rorschach findings, we note that in
transsexuals with Snow White Syndrome, there is a stereotyped tendency to shy
away from difficulties by seeking refuge in realistic representations (but that
lack in variety), which could be materialized by actions, but where the
initiative is delegated to others. These transsexuals appear to shy away from
the difficulties of life by seeking refuge into a world of fantasy, which they
fill with the representations borrowed from reality (rather than fantasy) and
consequently that are liable to be transposed, if necessary, back into reality.
Therefore, one can better understand why they shun away from the deceiving
reality that their physical sex represents, into the satisfying dream where they
possess the genitals of the opposite sex, that is, a perfectly real organ, no
longer the result of the subject's fantasy world.
PMID: 11963344 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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