J. Michael Bailey attacks the identities of bisexual men, back in 2002:
[Posted July 11, 2005]
On July 5, 2005, a New York Times article gave wide publicity to the claim by disgraced academic J. Michael Bailey that bisexual men are lying about their identities. The Times article said that this claim was based on a "new study" that Bailey and his students had done.
However, Mr. Bailey's accusations are actually based on an old 2002 conference paper (see below), extended by adding a few more subjects and then recently warming it over and spiffing it up for re-publication in a second-tier psychology journal.
We
wonder why on earth the New York Times thinks that Bailey's old 2002
paper is "news"? After all, that old conference paper was ignored by the
science community, and there has been no interest by other researchers in
following up on it or attempting to confirm it.
For more about Bailey's attack on this sexual minority, and the New York Times' promotion of his old views, see the following pages:
GLAAD "Write Now!" Alert: 'NEW YORK TIMES' PROMOTES BISEXUAL STEREOTYPES...", July 7, 2005
FAIR Action Alert: New York Times Suggests Bisexuals Are "Lying". Paper fails to disclose study author's controversial history, July 8, 2005 (also below).
sources:
http://www.iasr.org/meeting/2002/abstracts_2002.pdf
[page 56]
Who are bisexual men? Sexual orientation and sexual
arousal in men
Rieger,
G., Chivers, M., L., and Bailey, J., M., Department of Psychology, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
(email: gerulf@nothwestern.edu)
There is skepticism whether bisexual men are actually sexually attracted to, and
aroused by,
both sexes. Alternatively, putatively bisexual men might in their sexual
feelings, resemble
either gay or heterosexual men, or a conglomerate of both. We investigated
whether selfdeclared
bisexual men showed a bisexual pattern of genital and subjective arousal.
Specifically,
we hypothesized that bisexual men should be more aroused to both sexes than
heterosexual
men are to men and gay men are to women. In other words, even if some bisexual
men are
more aroused by one sex or the other, they should be more aroused to their
less-arousing sex
than gay or heterosexual men should be to theirs. We refer to this prediction as
a “bisexual
arousal pattern.”
Fifty-nine men (16 gay, 21 bisexual, and 22 heterosexual) viewed video clips
depicting lesbian
and gay sex. Gay erotica is a purely male sexual stimulus, and lesbian erotica
is a purely
female stimulus. Genital arousal was measured using a penile strain gauge, and
subjective
arousal was continuously measured using a lever. With respect to genital
arousal, bisexual men
did not show a bisexual arousal pattern. Subjectively, however, they did show a
bisexual
pattern. Genital arousal patterns suggested that bisexual men are most likely a
conglomerate of
heterosexual and gay men.
----
[UNCORRECTED PROOF]
[Text only-does not include nine charts of plotted data.]
Psychological Science
Volume 16-Number 8 pp. 579-584
Gerulf Rieger, Meredith L. Chivers, and J. Michael Bailey
Sexual Arousal Patterns of Bisexual Men
Gerulf Rieger,1 Meredith L. Chivers,2 and J. Michael Bailey1
1Northwestern University and 2Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
ABSTRACT-There has long been controversy about whether bisexual men are
substantially sexually aroused by both sexes. We investigated genital and
self-reported sexual arousal to male and female sexual stimuli in 30
heterosexual, 33 bisexual, and 38 homosexual men. In general, bisexual men did
not have strong genital arousal to both male and female sexual stimuli. Rather,
most bisexual men appeared homosexual with respect to genital arousal, although
some appeared heterosexual. In contrast, their subjective sexual arousal did
conform to a bisexual pattern. Male bisexuality appears primarily to represent a
style of interpreting or reporting sexual arousal rather than a distinct pattern
of genital sexual arousal.
---
Although bisexual behavior is not uncommon in men, there has long been
skepticism that it is motivated by strong sexual arousal and attraction to both
sexes. For example, the case studies of Krafft-Ebing (1886) suggest that most
men with bisexual activity have sex with women because of social pressure but
have sexual attraction exclusively or almost exclusively to men (Cases 127, 128,
135-153, and 167). Hirschfeld (1914/2001, pp. 197-215) speculated that most
self-identified bisexual men are either heterosexual or homosexual and that men
with substantial bisexual attractions are rare. Freund, who was a pioneer in
measuring male genital arousal, wrote that, after assessing genital arousal in
hundreds of men, he never found convincing evidence that bisexual arousal
patterns exist (1974, p. 39).The existence of male bisexual attraction and
arousal remains controversial and poorly understood (Fox, 2000; MacDonald, 2000;
Zinik, 2000).
BISEXUALITY: BEHAVIOR, IDENTITY AND AROUSAL
Sexual orientation refers to the degree of sexual attraction, fantasy, and
arousal that one experiences for members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or
both. Men's self-reported sexual orientation tends to be bimodal, with the large
majority reporting exclusive sexual attraction to women and a minority reporting
exclusive or near-exclusive attraction to men; the number of men who report
substantial sexual attraction to both men and women is even smaller (Bailey,
Dunne, & Martin, 2000; Diamond, 1993; Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, & Michaels,
1994).
Patterns of sexual behavior (i.e., sexual contact with men or women) are
certainly influenced by sexual orientation, but may diverge from it for various
reasons, including limitations in opportunity (e.g., imprisoned men without
access to women), stigmatization (typically against homosexuality), or material
reasons, as in the case of prostitution (Gagnon, Greenblat, & Kimmel, 1999).
Unquestionably, during the course of their lives, some men have sex with both
men and women. One survey of homosexual
men found that about 69%had also been sexually active with women (Bell,
Weinberg, & Hammersmith, 1981). Furthermore, some imprisoned men say that they
are heterosexual even though they engage in homosexual sex (Kirkham, 2000).
Given these discrepancies between reported sexual orientation and sexual
behavior in some men, it is reasonable to ask whether male bisexual behavior
reflects sexual arousal to both sexes.
Sexual identity refers to labels, including ''homosexual,'' ''heterosexual,'' or
''bisexual,'' that individuals often give themselves (Sell, 1997). In a national
survey, 0.8% of American men identified as bisexual (Laumann et al., 1994).
There may be varied reasons why some men adopt a bisexual identity. For example,
they may have intense sexual attraction to both men and women, or they might
have sex partners of both sexes. Furthermore, men who adopt a homosexual
identity might go through a stage in which they consider themselves bisexual. In
one study, up to 40% of homosexual men defined themselves as bisexual before
adopting a gay identity (Lever, 1994). In another study, most bisexual men
shifted over time toward homosexuality; however, a small number shifted toward
heterosexuality (Stokes, Damon, & McKirnan, 1997). This suggests that some
bisexually identified men might have homosexual feelings (i.e., substantial
attraction and arousal only to men), whereas others might have heterosexual
feelings (i.e., substantial attraction and arousal only to women).
In terms of behavior and identity, bisexual men clearly exist. Skepticism about
male bisexuality must therefore concern claims about bisexual feelings, that is,
strong sexual attraction and arousal to both sexes. The primary methodological
challenge for investigating this issue is to employ a measure of sexual feelings
that does not depend on self-report. At present, this is possible only for
genital sexual arousal.
MEASURING MALE SEXUAL AROUSAL
Male genital arousal can be measured using a circumferential strain gauge that
reflects the changes in penile girth during erection (Janssen, 2002). Homosexual
men show substantially more genital arousal to sexual stimuli depicting men(male
sexual stimuli) than to those depicting women (female sexual stimuli);
heterosexual men have the opposite pattern (Chivers, Rieger, Latty, & Bailey,
2004; Freund, 1963; Freund, Watson, & Rienzo, 1989; Sakheim, Barlow, Beck, &
Abrahamson, 1985). Subjective sexual arousal is measured by self-report and is
typically highly correlated with genital arousal in men (Sakheim et al., 1985).
However, when self-report is suspect, genital arousal may provide a more valid
measure. For example, genital arousal to stimuli depicting children is an
effective method of assessing pedophilia, even among men who deny attraction to
children (Blanchard, Klassen, Dickey, Kuban, & Blak, 2001).
Few studies have investigated genital arousal among bisexual men. One study (McConaghy
& Blaszczynski, 1991) measured genital sexual arousal to slides of nude men and
women in 20men with problematic sexual preferences (e.g., pedophilia,
exhibitionism, bondage, and fetishism). The authors reported that the
bisexual-identified men among their sample showed bisexual arousal. However,
because of the heterogeneous study sample, and because the authors did not use
rigorous statistical analyses to distinguish bisexual arousal from heterosexual
or homosexual arousal, the study does not definitively demonstrate that bisexual
men have bisexual arousal. Another study compared the genital arousal to male
and female stimuli of 10 heterosexual, 10 bisexual, and 10 homosexual men (Tollison,
Adams, & Tollison, 1979). Bisexual-identified men were indistinguishable from
homosexual-identified men in their patterns of genital arousal. However, the
group sizes in this study were relatively small, and thus the study may have
lacked power to detect differences between the two groups.
THE CURRENT STUDY
We recruited self-identified heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men and
assessed their genital and self-reported sexual arousal to male and female
sexual stimuli. Our analyses investigated three hypotheses:
- Bisexual men are substantially aroused by both male and female stimuli.
- Bisexual men, like homosexual men, are much more aroused by male than by
female stimuli.
- Bisexual men show a mixture of homosexual and heterosexual patterns of sexual
arousal, with some having much more arousal to male stimuli and others having
much more arousal to female stimuli.
Note that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.
METHOD
Participants
We advertised in gay-oriented magazines and an alternative newspaper in Chicago
for ''heterosexual,'' ''bisexual,'' and ''gay men'' for a paid study of sexual
arousal. Men who called the lab were asked about their sexual attraction toward
men and women, so that their sexual orientation could be determined (see
Measures and Procedure). Participants included 30 heterosexual men, 33 bisexual
men, and 38 homosexual men, categorized on the basis of their answers to those
questions. We also asked men to describe their sexual identity as straight,
bisexual, or gay. Sexual attraction and sexual identity (converted to a numeric
3-point scale) were highly correlated, r 5 .95. Mean ages (standard deviations
in parentheses) were 31.6 (5.9), 31.2 (5.4), and 30.6 (5.8), for the
heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual men, respectively. The percentage of
Caucasian participants was 49.3, and this percentage did not vary significantly
across groups. The
heterosexual and homosexual participants were included in an earlier study (Chivers
et al., 2004).
Measures and Procedure
The measures and procedure of this study were identical to those of our earlier
study (Chivers et al., 2004), and the report of that study provides more detail.
Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation was assessed via self-report using the Kinsey Sexual
Attraction Scale (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948). Participants provided
separate Kinsey ratings for their sexual orientation during the past year and
during adulthood. The mean of these two ratings was used in all analyses.
''Heterosexual men'' were defined as men with Kinsey Attraction scores less than
or equal to 1, ''bisexual men'' had Kinsey Attraction scores greater than 1 and
less than 5, and ''homosexual men'' had Kinsey scores greater than or equal to
5.
Stimuli
Participants viewed an 11-min, neutral, relaxing film (e.g., landscapes),
followed by several 2-min sexual films, and another neutral film. Two of the
sexual films depicted two men having sex with each other, and two of the films
depicted two women having sex with each other.
[three charts]
Fig. 1. Sexual arousal as a function of sexual orientation. In each panel, the
curve labeled ''1'' presents the prediction or results for the more arousing
sex, and the curve labeled ''2'' presents the prediction or results for the less
arousing sex. The graph in (a) shows the hypothetical relation between arousal
and orientation, assuming that bisexual men are substantially aroused to both
sexes. If this hypothesis is correct, men who report substantial bisexual
attraction (i.e., Kinsey scores above 1 and below 5) should show more arousal to
the less arousing sex than heterosexual (scores of 0 or 1) and homosexual men
(scores of 5 or 6); thus, the regression for the less arousing sex should be
negatively quadratic. Results for genital and subjective sexual arousal in the
current study are presented in (b) and (c), respectively; the dashed lines in
these panels represent the 95% confidence intervals. Units are within-subjects
standard deviations.
Sexual arousal
Genital arousal was assessed using a penile mercury-in-rubber gauge measuring
circumference changes during erection (Janssen, 2002). Participants indicated
subjective arousal by moving a lever forward to indicate increasing arousal and
backward to indicate decreasing arousal.
Data Analyses
Because not all men become sufficiently sexually aroused for valid assessment,
it is important to exclude nonresponders (Seto et al., 2001).We excluded
participants whose genital response to any sexual stimuli was less than a 2-mm
increase in penile circumference and whose subjective response was less than 5%,
compared with response to neutral stimuli. The final sample contained 21
heterosexual, 22 bisexual, and 25 homosexual men with sufficient genital arousal
for analyses and 24 heterosexual, 24 bisexual, and 31 homosexual men with
sufficient subjective arousal.
For each combination of participant and film clip, we computed mean genital and
subjective arousal. Next, for each participant, we standardized genital and
subjective arousal across film clips. Finally, we averaged the standardized
genital arousal across female sexual stimuli in order to compute mean genital
arousal to female stimuli; analogous calculations yielded mean genital arousal
to male sexual stimuli and to the neutral stimulus, and mean subjective arousal
to female and to male sexual stimuli, and to the neutral stimulus. Whenever
arousal to sexual stimuli was used in analyses, we first subtracted arousal to
the neutral stimulus.
RESULTS
Our first analyses examined whether men who report bisexual feelings have a
bisexual arousal pattern. Men with strong bisexual arousal need not have
precisely the same degree of arousal to both male and female stimuli. However,
on average, their arousal to both male and female stimuli should be substantial.
Furthermore, their arousal to male stimuli should exceed that of heterosexual
men, and their arousal to female stimuli should exceed that of homosexual men.
The hypothesis that bisexual men have bisexual arousal patterns thus implies a
negative quadratic relation between self-reported sexual-attraction score
(Kinsey score) and sexual arousal to the less arousing sex (Fig. 1a).
Figure 1b shows that the predicted curvilinear relation did not occur for
genital arousal. The quadratic model was nonsignificant, p5.68, b5 .05, DR25.00.
In contrast, bisexual men's subjective arousal did show the predicted
curvilinearity; the negative quadratic relation was significant, p<.0001, b5
.56, DR25.29 (Fig. 1c). Thus, we found no indication of a distinctly bisexual
pattern of genital sexual arousal among bisexual men, although they did report a
distinctly bisexual pattern of subjective sexual arousal.
Notably, on average all men, regardless of their sexual orientation, showed
significantly more genital arousal to their less arousing sex than they did to
neutral stimuli; the 95% confidence interval for the curve in Figure 1b is above
zero. However, the figure also shows that arousal to the less arousing sex was
markedly lower than arousal to the more arousing sex.
Our next analyses examined whether bisexual men tend to have homosexual arousal
patterns, with greater arousal to male than to female stimuli. We computed a
male-female contrast by subtracting each participant's arousal to female stimuli
from his arousal to male stimuli; thus, higher scores indicate more arousal to
men. If most bisexual men are primarily aroused by male stimuli, then there
should be a negative quadratic relation between the participants' Kinsey scores
and their arousal difference scores (Fig. 2a).
[three charts]
Fig. 2. Male-female arousal contrast (arousal to male stimuli sexual minus
arousal to female sexual stimuli) as a function of sexual orientation. The graph
in (a) shows the hypothetical relation, assuming that most bisexual men have a
homosexual arousal pattern. If this hypothesis is correct, the regression of the
male-female arousal contrast on Kinsey score will be negative quadratic.
Regression lines for genital and subjective sexual arousal in the current study
are presented in (b) and (c), respectively. Points represent data from
individual participants. Units are within-subjects standard deviations.
With respect to genital arousal, the quadratic relation was significant (Fig.
2b)1; bisexual men were more aroused by male stimuli than by female stimuli,
p<.01,b5 .21,DR25.04. The analogous quadratic relation for subjective arousal
was also significant (Fig. 2c), p<.01, b5 .16,DR25.02; bisexual men reported
greater arousal to male than female stimuli. Although these analyses suggest
that bisexual men tend to show more arousal to male than to female sexual
stimuli, inspection of Figure 2b suggests that not all do. Several men with
Kinsey Attraction scores in the bisexual range tended to show most genital
arousal to female sexual stimuli (i.e., their arousal contrast scores were
negative). To investigate the hypothesis that bisexual men include a mixture of
men with either homosexual or heterosexual arousal patterns, we computed the
absolute residuals from the regressions shown in Figure 2. If this hypothesis is
correct, then the residuals should be largest within the bisexual range of the
Kinsey scale, and the relation between these residuals and Kinsey scores should
be negative quadratic (Fig. 3a). This quadratic relation was significant for
both genital arousal (Fig. 3b), p < .05, b5 .25, DR25.04, and subjective
arousal (Fig. 3c), p < .01, b 5 .33, DR2 5 .10. These results suggest that the
bisexual men whose arousal patterns were least similar to those of homosexual
men tended to have arousal patterns similar to those of heterosexual men.
1 The curvilinear effect remained even after excluding 3 homosexual men who
showed more arousal to women than to men, p 5 .01, b 5 .17, DR2 5 .03.
DISCUSSION
Men who reported bisexual feelings did not show any evidence of a distinctively
bisexual pattern of genital arousal. One must be cautious, of course, in drawing
conclusions from negative results. However, the crucial analysis of arousal to
the less arousing sex did not provide even a hint of the expected effect. On
average, both homosexual and heterosexual men had much higher arousal to one sex
than to the other, and this was equally true of bisexual men.
To be sure, most men were more genitally aroused to stimuli depicting their less
arousing sex than to neutral stimuli. This finding contradicts some prior
research in which men's arousal to their less preferred sex was comparable to
their response to a neutral stimulus (Freund, 1974; Freund, Langevin, Cibiri, &
Zajac, 1973). This suggests that most men may possess a certain capacity for
bisexual arousal, although the magnitude of this arousal is quite modest.
In contrast to bisexual men's genital arousal, their subjective arousal did show
to the expected pattern. The divergence between results for genital and
subjective arousal is intriguing, because measures of genital and subjective
arousal tend to be highly correlated in men (Sakheim et al., 1985). For example,
across all our participants, the correlation between the genital and subjective
male-female contrasts was .85. These results suggest that with respect to their
less preferred sex, either bisexual men's subjective arousal has been
exaggerated or their genital arousal has been suppressed. An earlier study
suggests that the former explanation is more likely. In this study, bisexual
men, compared with heterosexual and homosexual men, had greater discrepancies
between their objectively measured and subjectively estimated genital arousal,
and this was primarily due to an overestimation of their erections to female
stimuli (Tollison et al., 1979). This issue may be clarified by studies using
emerging technology identifying brain activation patterns associated with sexual
arousal (Barch et al., 2003; Hamann, Herman, Nolan, & Wallen, 2004). In
principle, such activation patterns could have higher validity than penile
erection or self-reported arousal as a measure of sexual arousal. In any case,
our results suggest that male bisexuality is not simply the sum of, or the
intermediate between, heterosexual and homosexual orientation. Indeed, with
respect to sexual arousal and attraction, it remains to be shown that male
bisexuality exists. Thus, future research should also explore nonsexual reasons
why some men might prefer a bisexual identity to a homosexual or heterosexual
identity.
[three charts]
Fig. 3. Absolute residuals from the regressions of Figure 2 as a function of
sexual orientation. The graph in (a) shows the hypothetical relation, assuming
that the set of bisexual men is a mixture of men with either a homosexual or a
heterosexual arousal pattern. If this hypothesis is correct, bisexual men should
show larger residuals than other men, and the function should be negative
quadratic. Regression lines for genital and subjective sexual arousal in the
current study are presented in (b) and (c), respectively. Points represent data
from individual participants.
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(RECEIVED 8/27/04; REVISION ACCEPTED 11/10/04)
LynnConway.com > TS Information > Bailey Investigation > Bi-Sexuality Revisited > Bailey attacks the identities of bisexual men back in 2002