‘A Terrible Mistake’
The first son of middle-class parents in Mount Vernon, N.Y., Conway was born Robert Sanders (a pseudonym she has adopted to protect her family). His parents, a schoolteacher and a chemical engineer, noticed signs early on that Robert was not a normal male child — signs they worked hard to punish and suppress. Transsexualism was more than a taboo subject in the 1940s; it was unheard of, unthinkable.
     Robert’s childhood was marred by his growing recognition that something was terribly wrong. At 17, he enrolled at MIT, where he first began to present as a girl, injecting estrogen to achieve the physical changes he longed for.
     It was the beginning of a decadelong roller coaster ride, a life trajectory that reflected Robert’s efforts — and inability — to play the role biology had assigned him. He dropped out of MIT, worked menial jobs, and then earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in electrical engineering at Columbia. During those years, he married a young woman who knew nothing of his internal anguish, and by 1966, he was the father of two daughters.
     Robert’s exceptional performance at Columbia brought a job offer at IBM, where he helped to pioneer supercomputing technologies that would become the foundation for today’s computing revolution. But his professional success didn’t assuage Robert’s personal conflict. Nearly suicidal by 1967, he contacted Dr. Harry Benjamin, an expert on transsexualism. By 1968, Robert was preparing for surgery.

From Big Blue to Memorex
It was a decision that cost him his friends, his relatives, his job at IBM, his family — in short, the only life he knew. But, says Conway, there was no choice: “I wouldn’t have survived another two years in the life I was living,” she says.
     By 1971, Lynn Conway had a new life. She was working in computer architecture at Memorex, where her contributions drew the attention of engineers at Xerox. In 1973, they recruited her to work at the company’s new research center at Xerox PARC.
     It was there that Conway came into her own, as a woman and as an engineer. Her work in VLSI — very large scale integrated circuits — helped turn computing on its ear. With Caltech engineering professor Carver Mead, Conway reconceptualized chip processing. Their textbook became standard fare at universities all over the world, and their recognition of the potential of silicon was the precursor to the Pentium chip. “Everybody said we were crazy, it was bogus, it wouldn’t work,” says Conway. “But it worked, and when it did, what could they say? They just went away and hid.”
     Her personal live was thriving as well. “I had been a very shy, withdrawn, unhappy person while I was forced to live as a male,” Conway says. “I was taken seriously in my work at IBM because I came up with outstanding ideas. But beyond that, I was pretty much ignored.”
     Not so at Xerox Parc. “I was five years post-op, and I had become such a happy person and so full of life that I was able to emerge as a research leader,” she says. “I was reacted to as a very creative, enthusiastic, wildly energetic gal who got all sorts of creative ideas and who was fun to work with.”

Stealth Mode
Despite her successes, Conway never considered disclosing her past. “I was totally in stealth mode,” she says.
     She left Xerox Parc in the early 1980s. “I desperately wanted to find a mate,” she says, “and I knew that wasn’t the environment where it was going to happen.”
     She worked briefly for the Defense Department, and then accepted a position at the University of Michigan as a professor of electrical engineering and computer science, and later, as Associate Dean of Engineering. While there, she met Charlie, who has been her mate for the past 13 years. And she continued to build what has been, by any standard, an extraordinary career.

Coming Out
Two years ago, it became more extraordinary still.
     A researcher tracking down the secret history of IBM’s “Project Y” posted a message to a computing bulletin board. Nobody at the company seemed to know what had happened to a project that had paved the way for supercomputing. Did anybody know anything about it?
     Conway did. And after decades of silence, she decided to step up and share what she knew — and to take credit for the incredible work she had done while living as Robert Sanders. She had reconciled with her daughters, had been living happily as a woman for more than 30 years. It was time to reclaim at least part of her past.
     “When I made the decision to have a gender-correction, everybody told me I was terrible, I was going to end up dead or in an asylum someplace,” she says. “But they were wrong. I’ve had a great life, I’m very happy, and I’ve managed to do some productive, important work.”
     It’s that engineer talking again: “Take a look at my life and tell me if the bridge stands,” she says, laughing. “What works, works.”
     Part II will appear Wednesday, December 13.

A teacher and a journalist, Dianne Lynch is the author of Virtual Ethics. Wired Women appears on alternate Wednesdays.